There was no further fighting that year as the Etruscans had lost their first line and only had their reservists left and the Romans had suffered many casualties. The passage from the first to the second defile was a narrow and difficult ravine. Once there, Postumius jostled the knee of a fetial and claimed that he was a Samnite who had violated diplomatic rules. There was a revolt by Umbrians who, backed by Etruscan men, gathered a large army and said that they would ignore Decius and march on Rome. The two consuls then went where the main Samnite forces were stationed. Forsythe (2005, p. 287), like Salmon, argues that the surrender in 343 is a retrojection of that of 211, invented to better justify Roman actions and for good measure shift the guilt for the First Samnite War onto the manipulative Campani. [53], There had been tensions prior to these events. [64] Whatever the case, there was a truce which ended in 316 BC. Some fled to their camp, but most made for the hills and the forest. [97] Cornell remarks that "[t]he intimation of that the Lucanians’ submission was the result of military action is a good example of how events could be improved in the telling." Fabius' route via Sora to Tifernum is convoluted, but not insurmountable. 310 BC – Samnites fought the consul Gaius Marcius at unspecified location, indecisive battle, Romans lost several officers, consul wounded. However, Alexander was killed in battle in 331 or 330 BC. In addition to this, there was news that, following the withdrawal of Lucius Volumnius' army from Etruria, the Etruscans were arming themselves, had invited Gellius Egnatius' Samnites and the Umbrians to join them in revolt, and had offered large sums of money to the Gauls. [20][5][19] The First Samnite War might have started quite by accident, as Livy claimed. There was a battle at Tifernum where some of Livy's sources say that Postumius was defeated, while others say that the battle was even and he withdrew to the mountains at night. However, the Samnites rejected Rome's peace terms and agreed only a one-year truce, which they broke when they heard that Papirius intended to continue the fight. Salmon speculates that "it might have been because of the part they had played or failed to play in the events of 296/295 [BC]." Marcus Valerius Corvus Calenus was appointed as dictator. Decius undertook forced marches, encamped near Pupinia, to the north-east of Rome, and called on Fabius to lead his army to Umbria. The Samnites sought to ambush the Romans. There was disagreement over whether to offer battle or defend their camp. by dadiepiombo on Mon Mar 16, 2015 10:07 am. Quintus Fabius left Publius Decius’ army to guard Etruria and went to Rome to celebrate a triumph. The peace he had hoped for did not materialise. Meanwhile, a fierce battle was fought in Etruria by an unspecified Etruscan army levied (presumably by Etruscans who had not signed the mentioned treaty) by using the lex sacrata (an arrangement with religious connotations whereby the soldiers had to fight to the death). It confronted the Romans at the Battle of Lake Vadimo. A fierce battle followed and eventually the Samnites were routed. Gaius Pontius denounced Roman duplicity and declared that he deemed the Roman guarantors not to be surrendered. Fabius marched to Mevania, near Assisi, where the Umbrian troops were. [63] However, Salmon thinks that, instead, the truce was the result of the agreement which was made at the Caudine Forks. [7] There they defeated the Campanians in a second battle and drove them within their walls. The Tarentines called for the help of the Greek king Alexander of Epirus, who crossed over to Italy in 334 BC. Lucius Volumnius, who had taken three fortifications in Samnium, sent Quintus Fabius to suppress disturbances by the plebeians in Lucania, left the ravaging of rural Samnium to Publius Decius and went to Etruria. The consuls had no choice but to surrender. Studies have shown that voluntary submission was a common feature in the diplomacy of this period. Therefore, instead of a treaty there was a guarantee, the guarantors being the consuls, the officers of the two armies and the quaestors. Junius retook it and then moved on Bovianum and sacked it. The Samnites fought in a loose order, peppering their enemies with javelins while the Romans fought in a hoplite style, utilizing shield wall (phalanx) tactics. [132] In Etruria there were victorious clashes with Vulsci and Volsinii in 280 BC and Caere in 273 BC and the destruction of Volsinii in 264 BC. A conspiracy was discovered in Capua and the Samnites decided to try to seize the city. Dionysius of Halicarnassus gave a figure of 20,000 colonists, which is impossibly high. He seized Troilum (location unknown) and took five fortresses by storm. The woods blocked their escape and most were killed. The report also indicated that, if Gaius Marcius avoided battle, the Samnites would march to Etruria via the lands of the Marsi and the Sabines. He defeated the Marsi, seized Milionia, Plestina, and Fresilia and renewed the treaty with them. The appearance of an Apulian army at Maleventum is surprising since nothing is known of Apulian hostility to Rome since the conclusion of peace in 312 BC. Junius headed for it and was ambushed. The two men defeated the Samnites and captured Gaius Pontius, the Samnite commander, who was paraded in the triumph and beheaded. In Rome it was proposed to send 2500 colonists to Luceria. [75], In 310 BC the consul Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus went to Sutrium with reinforcements and was met by a superior force of Etruscans who were lined up for battle. Prior to the Samnite war, the Romans fought in the Greek style. The Samnite commander, Staius Minatius, was attacked by the prisoners of the Samnites and delivered to the consul. [42], No fighting is reported for 342. Rome agreed to an alliance. Many of unarmored Germanic and Celtic barbarians were forced to discard their shields due to the pilum, a near death sentence for them on the battle field. [5] Unable to stand against the Samnites, the Sidicini sought help from the Campanians. The Romans were starting to gain the upper hand, but darkness stopped the battle. The other consul, Lucius Postumius, moved from Samnium to Etruria without consulting the senate. The two consuls then spent four months ravaging Samnium. A delegation of former consuls was sent to him to persuade him to accept the Senate's decision, and Fabius reluctantly appointed Papirius. The Romans also established a colony at Venusia, an important strategic point in south-eastern Samnium. [32] These Roman successes against the Samnites convinced Falerii to convert her forty year's truce with Rome into a permanent peace treaty, and the Latins to abandon their planned war against Rome and instead campaign against the Paeligni. Lightly equipped hastati, generally younger men, formed the front line, which engaged the enemy first. However, they were met with a defiant response, "not only did the Samnites declare their intention of waging war against Capua, but their magistrates left the council chamber, and in tones loud enough for the envoys to hear, ordered [their armies] to march out at once into Campanian territory and ravage it. The Aequi levied a militia, but this did not have a clear commander. From there they went to the impassable Ciminian Forest, which the Romans were so scared of that none of them had ever crossed it. There were also tensions north of the River Liris, in the Volscian territory. The Etruscans retreated during the night. It was conceived around the time of the Samnite War in 315 bc. 294 BC – Lucius Postumius seized Milionia and Feritrum, two unidentified Samnite towns and defeated Volsini in Etruria. The Etruscans charged in haste, throwing away their javelins. The population of Samnium were called Samnites by the Romans.Their own endonyms were Safinim for the country (attested in one inscription and one coin legend) and Safineis for the people. The senate appointed Lucius Papirius Cursor as dictator. Second (or Great) Samnite War (326 to 304 BC), Dionysus of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, Aeterna Press, 2015, ISBN 978-1785165498, Diodorus Siculus I: The Historical Library in Forty Books: Volume I, Sophron; 1 edition, 2014, ISBN 978-0989783620, Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History,CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014, ISBN 978-1499683073, Frontinus, Stratagems and Aqueducts of Rome (Loeb Classical Library), Loeb, 1989, ISBN 978-0674991927, Livy, Rome's Italian Wars: Books 6–10 (Oxford's World's Classics). The conspirators were taken to Rome and executed and a garrison was stationed at Sora. Prior to the 4th century BC, our knowledge of the Samnites is relatively sparse, although we do know they regularly raided more lucrative, neighbouring regions: the rich fertile lands of Campania predominantly, but on occasion they also raided Latium further north. [67] Spurius Postumius said to the senate that Rome was not bound to the guarantee at the Caudine Forks because it was given without the authorisation of the people, that there was no impediment to resuming the war and all that Rome owed to the Samnites were the persons and the lives of the guarantors. [12], Envoys were sent to the Samnites with the introductions to request that they, in view of their mutual friendship with Rome, spare territory which had become the possession of Rome and to warn them to keep their hands off the city of Capua and the territory of Campania. On the right, Quintus Fabius told the cavalry to outflank the Samnite wing and attack it in the flank and ordered his infantry to push forward. His council was to free the Romans immediately. In 301 BC the Marsi resisted land being confiscated for the establishment of the colony of Carsoli (or Carseoli, modern Carsoli) with 4000 colonists, even through it was in Aequi territory. Oakley(1998), pp. There were some Hernici among the troops and they were sent to Rome where an inquiry was held to determine whether they were conscripts or volunteers. Many voted to destroy the city because of the treachery and, because it was so distant, that many believed that sending colonists there was like sending people into exile, and in hostile territory to boot. To counter this Romans would throw their pilum into the charging hoard, the impact of would deliver a counter shock, blunting the enemies force before it collided with the Roman battle lines. In Livy's account there is a sense that the peace with the Samnites had been on a thin edge for years. Samnite soldiers from a tomb frieze in Nola 4th century BC. [15], The historical accuracy of Livy's account is disputed among modern historians. The friendly city-state of Carthage sent a congratulatory embassy to Rome with a twenty-five pound crown for the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus. In 330 BC the Volscian towns of Fabrateria and Luca offered Rome overlordship over them in exchange for protection from the Samnites and the senate sent a warning to the Samnites not to attack their territories. However, the Samnites regrouped and besieged the Romans outside Luceria. [61] The yoke was a symbol of subjugation in which the defeated soldiers had to bow and pass under a yoke used for oxen in disgrace. This freed both consuls, who marched on Samnium, Quintus Fabius by way of Sora and Publius Decius through the land of the Sidicini. Kundenrezensionen. An army, the fetials and the guarantors to be surrendered were sent to Samnium. He instigated Titus Minucius to give battle, which dragged on until the late afternoon. Lucius Volumnius' command was prolonged for a year. Fetials were sent to Samnium to order the Samnites to leave Lucania.
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