[257] The rise and fall in exposure to airborne lead from the combustion of tetraethyl lead in gasoline during the 20th century has been linked with historical increases and decreases in crime levels, a hypothesis which is not universally accepted. [118] At that time lead had few (if any) applications due to its softness and dull appearance. The effects of chronic ingestion of lead, including mental disorders, were also studied in the 19th century. Lead(III) may be obtained, as an intermediate between lead(II) and lead(IV), in larger organolead complexes; this oxidation state is not stable, as both the lead(III) ion and the larger complexes containing it are radicals. ", "Solar System abundances and condensation temperatures of the elements", "A case report of lead paint poisoning during renovation of a Victorian farmhouse", "The End of Lead? Lead was to the Romans what plastic is to us. [q], Lead's high density and resistance to corrosion have been exploited in a number of related applications. [254], In a child's developing brain, lead interferes with synapse formation in the cerebral cortex, neurochemical development (including that of neurotransmitters), and the organization of ion channels. [89][k] With sodium metal, lead readily forms an equimolar alloy that reacts with alkyl halides to form organometallic compounds such as tetraethyllead. By mimicking calcium, lead can cross the blood–brain barrier. [102] At this point, the neutrons are arranged in complete shells in the atomic nucleus, and it becomes harder to energetically accommodate more of them. [188], Research on a cleaner, less energy-intensive lead extraction process continues; a major drawback is that either too much lead is lost as waste, or the alternatives result in a high sulfur content in the resulting lead metal. phys. [193][195] This is a high-cost process and thus mostly reserved for refining bullion containing high percentages of impurities. [119] Various civilizations of the Fertile Crescent used lead as a writing material, as currency, and as a construction material. This article is about the metal. [248] Cigarette smoke contains, among other toxic substances, radioactive lead-210. Its chemical symbol is Pb, which is based on the word "plumbum", the old Latin name for lead. As we know, in the past, all the plumbing was made of lead, which results in poisoning and death. While lead does occur (rarely) in nature in its pure form, most of the lead produced today comes from recycled batteries. The 3+, 1+, 1-, 2-, and 4- states also occur. The resulting bismuth dross can be skimmed off. California began banning lead bullets for hunting on that basis in July 2015. [80], Negative oxidation states can occur as Zintl phases, as either free lead anions, as in Ba2Pb, with lead formally being lead(−IV),[81] or in oxygen-sensitive ring-shaped or polyhedral cluster ions such as the trigonal bipyramidal Pb52− ion, where two lead atoms are lead(−I) and three are lead(0). A The element with 82 protons (atomic number of 82) is lead: Pb. The resulting concentrate, which has a lead content of 30–80% by mass (regularly 50–60%),[187] is then turned into (impure) lead metal. [94] The abundance of lead in the Solar System since its formation 4.5 billion years ago has increased by about 0.75%. These three regions collectively dominated production of mined lead until c. 1200 BCE. [174], The last major human exposure to lead was the addition of tetraethyllead to gasoline as an antiknock agent, a practice that originated in the United States in 1921. [252], Symptoms of lead poisoning include nephropathy, colic-like abdominal pains, and possibly weakness in the fingers, wrists, or ankles. Gaseous by-product of the coking process, containing. [193][194] De-silvered lead is freed of bismuth by the Betterton–Kroll process, treating it with metallic calcium and magnesium. Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and consultant. [117], Lead tablets were commonly used as a material for letters. (ii) B has 83 protons as the atomic number is 83. Atomic Number: 82: Atomic Mass: 207.2 atomic mass units: Number of Protons: 82: Number of Neutrons: 125: Number of Electrons: 82: Melting Point: 327.5° C: Boiling Point: 1740.0° C: Density: 11.34 grams per cubic centimeter: Normal Phase: Solid: Family: Other Metals: Period Number… [272] In 1992, U.S. Congress required the Environmental Protection Agency to reduce the blood lead levels of the country's children. The lead provides lubrication, and the copper provides the load-bearing support. Potential injuries to regular users of such batteries are not related to lead's toxicity. [288] White lead paint has been withdrawn from sale in industrialized countries, but specialized uses of other pigments such as yellow lead chromate remain. [115], The name of the chemical element is not related to the verb of the same spelling, which is derived from Proto-Germanic *laidijan- ("to lead"). [225] Its use in solder for electronics is also being phased out by some countries to reduce the amount of environmentally hazardous waste. Even in modern times, lead solder has been common for welding plumbing fixtures. [157] During the period, lead was used increasingly for adulterating wine. This causes ineffective heme synthesis and microcytic anemia. [104], Lead is classified as a chalcophile under the Goldschmidt classification, meaning it is generally found combined with sulfur. In the United States, environmental regulations reduced or eliminated the use of lead in non-battery products, including gasoline, paints, solders, and water systems. [266], Inhalation is the second major exposure pathway, affecting smokers and especially workers in lead-related occupations. The element name "lead" comes from the … The mass number of this isotope will be 82+125=207 units, while it has 82 protons. [281] An important biomarker assay for lead poisoning is δ-aminolevulinic acid levels in plasma, serum, and urine. Plumbane may be obtained in a reaction between metallic lead and atomic hydrogen. [97] A stable thallium-203 nucleus can capture a neutron and become thallium-204; this undergoes beta decay to give stable lead-204; on capturing another neutron, it becomes lead-205, which has a half-life of around 15 million years. [290] Lead abatement programs have been mandated by some authorities in properties where young children live. Secondary lead production is therefore cheaper, in terms of energy requirements, than is primary production, often by 50% or more.[186]. [245], Lead is a highly poisonous metal (whether inhaled or swallowed), affecting almost every organ and system in the human body. 1 (2): 7. doi:10.15347/WJS/2018.007. [117] Britain was the leading producer, losing this status by the mid-19th century with the depletion of its mines and the development of lead mining in Germany, Spain, and the United States. Hyponyms (each of the following is a kind of "atomic number 82"): hard lead (unrefined lead that is hard because of the impurities it contains) antimonial lead; hard lead (a lead alloy that contains about 5% antimony) pig lead (lead that is cast in pigs) [173] Stripping old paint by sanding produces dust which can be inhaled. [138][139][n] Other researchers have criticized such claims, pointing out, for instance, that not all abdominal pain is caused by lead poisoning. [188], First, the sulfide concentrate is roasted in air to oxidize the lead sulfide:[189], As the original concentrate was not pure lead sulfide, roasting yields not only the desired lead(II) oxide, but a mixture of oxides, sulfates, and silicates of lead and of the other metals contained in the ore.[190] This impure lead oxide is reduced in a coke-fired blast furnace to the (again, impure) metal:[191], Impurities are mostly arsenic, antimony, bismuth, zinc, copper, silver, and gold. Lead is frequently used in the polyvinyl chloride coating of electrical cords. [256] High blood levels are associated with delayed puberty in girls. It was phased out in the United States and the European Union by 2000. On capturing another neutron, lead-208 becomes lead-209, which quickly decays into bismuth-209. [117][127] Lead mining occurred in Central Europe, Britain, the Balkans, Greece, Anatolia, and Hispania, the latter accounting for 40% of world production. [221]} The reactions in the battery between lead, lead dioxide, and sulfuric acid provide a reliable source of voltage. Here are 10 lead element facts. This page is about the various possible words that rhymes or sounds like atomic number 82.Use it for writing poetry, composing lyrics for your song or coming up with rap verses. [52] With itself, lead can build metal–metal bonds of an order up to three. [263] Hard water forms insoluble layers in the pipes whereas soft and acidic water dissolves the lead pipes. [235][236] Lead glass is composed of 12–28% lead oxide, changing its optical characteristics and reducing the transmission of ionizing radiation. Synonyms for "atomic number 82": lead; Pb; metallic element; metal [114] Another hypothesis suggests it is borrowed from Proto-Celtic *ɸloud-io- ("lead"). Polonium (Po) has atomic number 84 and lead (Pb) has atomic number 82. Its symbol is Pb, after the Latin plumbum. [253] In pregnant women, high levels of exposure to lead may cause miscarriage. [255] Early childhood exposure has been linked with an increased risk of sleep disturbances and excessive daytime drowsiness in later childhood. [198] The ISASMELT process is a more recent smelting method that may act as an extension to primary production; battery paste from spent lead–acid batteries (containing lead sulfate and lead oxides) has its sulfate removed by treating it with alkali, and is then treated in a coal-fueled furnace in the presence of oxygen, which yields impure lead, with antimony the most common impurity. [t] Supercapacitors incorporating lead–acid batteries have been installed in kilowatt and megawatt scale applications in Australia, Japan, and the United States in frequency regulation, solar smoothing and shifting, wind smoothing, and other applications. [184] According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report of 2010, the total amount of lead in use, stockpiled, discarded, or dissipated into the environment, on a global basis, is 8 kg per capita. It is sometimes called. Lead is one of the metals that was known to ancient man. [76][77][78] The same applies for lead(I), which can be found in such radical species. Many of them show defective fluorite structures in which some oxygen atoms are replaced by vacancies: PbO can be considered as having such a structure, with every alternate layer of oxygen atoms absent. [71] Analogously to lead monoxide, lead dioxide is capable of forming plumbate anions. [187] During initial processing, ores typically undergo crushing, dense-medium separation, grinding, froth flotation, and drying. 450-1100)-language text, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles containing Persian-language text, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from open access publications, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 14 March 2021, at 11:07. Natural lead consists of a mixture of 4 stable isotopes, although radioisotopes also exist. By association, lead was considered the father of all metals. In animals, lead exhibits toxicity in many organs, damaging the nervous, renal, reproductive, hematopoietic, and cardiovascular systems after ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption. Drinking such water, over time, can cause health problems due to the toxicity of the dissolved lead. The lead in batteries undergoes no direct contact with humans, so there are fewer toxicity concerns. The rate of skin absorption is lower for inorganic lead. The energy storage/release reaction used in these devices involves lead sulfate and lead dioxide: Other applications of lead compounds are very specialized and often fading. ThoughtCo, Aug. 25, 2020, thoughtco.com/lead-element-facts-608167. The harder the water the more calcium bicarbonate and sulfate it will contain, and the more the inside of the pipes will be coated with a protective layer of lead carbonate or lead sulfate. Lead tetrafluoride, a yellow crystalline powder, is stable, but less so than the difluoride. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "10 Lead Element Facts." [86] Lead predominantly forms organolead(IV) compounds, even when starting with inorganic lead(II) reactants; very few organolead(II) compounds are known. The sum of all elements per 10. [110], Typical background concentrations of lead do not exceed 0.1 μg/m3 in the atmosphere; 100 mg/kg in soil; and 5 μg/L in freshwater and seawater. [128] Lead coffins, cast in flat sand forms, with interchangeable motifs to suit the faith of the deceased were used in ancient Judea. This led to research into the effects of lead intake. [106] Many lead minerals are relatively light and, over the course of the Earth's history, have remained in the crust instead of sinking deeper into the Earth's interior. Oversættelse af atomic number 82 til finsk i engelsk-finsk ordbog - Fleste oversættelser, helt gratis. Carbon (as coke or coal gas[p]) is added to the molten charge along with fluxing agents. [243] Lead salts are very efficiently absorbed by the body. [125], Rome's territorial expansion in Europe and across the Mediterranean, and its development of mining, led to it becoming the greatest producer of lead during the classical era, with an estimated annual output peaking at 80,000 tonnes. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/lead-element-facts-608167. [85] For many organic compounds, a lead analog does not exist. [276], Anthropogenic lead includes lead from shot and sinkers. ThoughtCo. [109] Most other lead minerals are related to galena in some way; boulangerite, Pb5Sb4S11, is a mixed sulfide derived from galena; anglesite, PbSO4, is a product of galena oxidation; and cerussite or white lead ore, PbCO3, is a decomposition product of galena. [183] There are two major categories of production: primary from mined ores, and secondary from scrap. [267], Skin exposure may be significant for people working with organic lead compounds.
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